Etymology and distribution of 樋渡.

The Japanese surnames etymology dictionary.
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.jigensha.jcedfreeGoogle Play で手に入れよう https://apps.apple.com/us/app/id1471109324
↑オフライン検索できるアプリもどうぞ
在日通名大全

日本初、在日通名の研究書「在日通名大全」発売中!
ネットの電話帳 住宅地図 マッポン!

「樋渡」さんの名字の分布数。

カンマ区切りで複数の名字を指定できます。

Etymology of 樋渡

Distribution of 樋渡
Ranking
1 Takeo-shi(About 400)
2 Imari-shi(About 400)
3 Yuzawa-shi(About 300)
4 Yokote-shi(About 200)
4 Kagoshima-shi(About 200)
6 Shinjou-shi(About 200)
7 Akita-shi(About 200)
8 Higashitagawa-gun Shounai-machi(About 200)
9 Nishimatsuura-gun Arita-machi(About 200)
10 Mogami-gun Kaneyama-machi(About 140)
11 Sasebo-shi(About 140)
12 Sendai-shi Izumi-ku(About 130)
13 Ogi-shi(About 120)
14 Minamikyuushuu-shi(About 110)
15 Minamisatsuma-shi(About 100)
16 Miyakonojou-shi(About 100)
17 Saga-shi(About 90)
17 Niigata-shi(About 90)
19 Miyazaki-shi(About 80)
20 Sakata-shi(About 70)
21 Kishima-gun Shiroishi-chou(About 60)
21 Sagamihara-shi(About 60)
23 Soo-shi(About 50)
24 Kitami-shi(About 50)
24 Sendai-shi Aoba-ku(About 50)
24 Yamagata-shi(About 50)
24 Nishimurayama-gun Kahoku-chou(About 50)
24 Satsumasendai-shi(About 50)
29 Obihiro-shi(About 40)
29 Sapporo-shi Kita-ku(About 40)
29 Abashiri-shi(About 40)
29 Sendai-shi Taihaku-ku(About 40)
29 Ichinomiya-shi(About 40)
29 Toyota-shi(About 40)
29 Kirishima-shi(About 40)
36 Ichikawa-shi(About 30)
36 Toyonaka-shi(About 30)
36 Takatsuki-shi(About 30)
36 Mogami-gun Tozawa-mura(About 30)
36 Mogami-gun Mamurogawa-machi(About 30)
36 Hachiouji-shi(About 30)
36 Chigasaki-shi(About 30)
36 Fukuoka-shi Nishi-ku(About 30)
36 Nagasaki-shi(About 30)
36 Shibushi-shi(About 30)
46 Karatsu-shi(About 30)
46 Kawaguchi-shi(About 30)
46 Izumi-shi(About 30)
46 Ebino-shi(About 30)
46 Setagaya-ku(About 30)
46 Koutou-ku(About 30)
46 Ibusuki-shi(About 30)
53 Kushiro-shi(About 30)
53 Kashiwa-shi(About 30)
53 Kounosu-shi(About 30)
53 Sakai-shi(About 30)
53 Oosaki-shi(About 30)
53 Shiroishi-shi(About 30)
53 Inazawa-shi(About 30)
53 Nakano-ku(About 30)
53 Edogawa-ku(About 30)
53 Minato-ku(About 30)
53 Nishitoukyou-shi(About 30)
53 Adachi-ku(About 30)
53 Kumamoto-shi(About 30)
53 Yokohama-shi Kounan-ku(About 30)
53 Yokohama-shi Tsurumi-ku(About 30)
53 Yokosuka-shi(About 30)
53 Kitakyuushuu-shi Yahatanishi-ku(About 30)
53 Futaba-gun Ookuma-machi(About 30)
53 Oomura-shi(About 30)
53 Ichikikushikino-shi(About 30)
53 Kanoya-shi(About 30)
74 Ureshino-shi(About 20)
74 Hakodate-shi(About 20)
74 Otaru-shi(About 20)
74 Funabashi-shi(About 20)
74 Wakayama-shi(About 20)
74 Kasukabe-shi(About 20)
74 Koshigaya-shi(About 20)
74 Sendai-shi Miyagino-ku(About 20)
74 Saito-shi(About 20)
74 Machida-shi(About 20)
74 Nerima-ku(About 20)
74 Yamato-shi(About 20)
74 Kawasaki-shi Kawasaki-ku(About 20)
74 Hiratsuka-shi(About 20)
74 Yokohama-shi Hodogaya-ku(About 20)
74 Yokohama-shi Kouhoku-ku(About 20)
74 Fujisawa-shi(About 20)
74 Dazaifu-shi(About 20)
74 Ogoori-shi(About 20)
74 Kasuga-shi(About 20)
74 Fukuoka-shi Minami-ku(About 20)
74 Fukuoka-shi Higashi-ku(About 20)
74 Iwaki-shi(About 20)
74 Futaba-gun Tomioka-machi(About 20)
74 Unzen-shi(About 20)
74 Isa-shi(About 20)
74 Izumi-shi(About 20)
74 Hioki-shi(About 20)
102 Yokkaichi-shi(About 20)
102 Tosu-shi(About 20)
102 Kashima-shi(About 20)
102 Takaradzuka-shi(About 20)
102 Nishinomiya-shi(About 20)
102 Muroran-shi(About 20)
102 Iwamizawa-shi(About 20)
102 Hidakashi-chou Niikappu-chou(About 20)
102 Asahikawa-shi(About 20)
102 Sapporo-shi Teine-ku(About 20)
102 Noboribetsu-shi(About 20)
102 Tomakomai-shi(About 20)
102 Yachimata-shi(About 20)
102 Ichihara-shi(About 20)
102 Daitou-shi(About 20)
102 Moriguchi-shi(About 20)
102 Tagajou-shi(About 20)
102 Okazaki-shi(About 20)
102 Musashino-shi(About 20)
102 Komae-shi(About 20)
102 Meguro-ku(About 20)
102 Kawasaki-shi Nakahara-ku(About 20)
102 Kawasaki-shi Takatsu-ku(About 20)
102 Yokohama-shi Totsuka-ku(About 20)
102 Yokohama-shi Seya-ku(About 20)
102 Yokohama-shi Tsudzuki-ku(About 20)
102 Hadano-shi(About 20)
102 Kitakyuushuu-shi Kokuraminami-ku(About 20)
102 Fukuoka-shi Hakata-ku(About 20)
102 Izumi-gun Nagashima-chou(About 20)
132 Suzuka-shi(About 10)
132 Taku-shi(About 10)
132 Kakogawa-shi(About 10)
132 Amagasaki-shi(About 10)
132 Koube-shi Tarumi-ku(About 10)
132 Tokachishi-chou Honbetsu-chou(About 10)
132 Nayoro-shi(About 10)
132 Sapporo-shi Atsubetsu-ku(About 10)
132 Sapporo-shi Kiyota-ku(About 10)
132 Sapporo-shi Nishi-ku(About 10)
132 Ebetsu-shi(About 10)
132 Ishikari-shi(About 10)
132 Chiba-shi Mihama-ku(About 10)
132 Matsudo-shi(About 10)
132 Narashino-shi(About 10)
132 Kawagoe-shi(About 10)
132 Tokorozawa-shi(About 10)
132 Oosaka-shi Higashiyodogawa-ku(About 10)
132 Kishiwada-shi(About 10)
132 Takaishi-shi(About 10)
132 Watari-gun Watari-chou(About 10)
132 Miyagi-gun Rifu-chou(About 10)
132 Kobayashi-shi(About 10)
132 Nishimorokata-gun Takaharu-chou(About 10)
132 Iwakuni-shi(About 10)
132 Tendou-shi(About 10)
132 Sagae-shi(About 10)
132 Mogami-gun Funagata-machi(About 10)
132 Okayama-shi(About 10)
132 Fukuyama-shi(About 10)
132 Nagoya-shi Nakagawa-ku(About 10)
132 Nagoya-shi Minato-ku(About 10)
132 Chita-gun Agui-chou(About 10)
132 Kita-ku(About 10)
132 Shinagawa-ku(About 10)
132 Tama-shi(About 10)
132 Oota-ku(About 10)
132 Fuchuu-shi(About 10)
132 Akishima-shi(About 10)
132 Suginami-ku(About 10)
132 Shibuya-ku(About 10)
132 Hamura-shi(About 10)
132 Arakawa-ku(About 10)
132 Konan-shi(About 10)
132 Odawara-shi(About 10)
132 Kawasaki-shi Tama-ku(About 10)
132 Yokohama-shi Sakae-ku(About 10)
132 Yokohama-shi Kanagawa-ku(About 10)
132 Yokohama-shi Midori-ku(About 10)
132 Yokohama-shi Aoba-ku(About 10)
132 Kurume-shi(About 10)
132 Fukuoka-shi Jounan-ku(About 10)
132 Fukuoka-shi Sawara-ku(About 10)
132 Aidzuwakamatsu-shi(About 10)
132 Nagano-shi(About 10)
132 Hachinohe-shi(About 10)
132 Fuji-shi(About 10)
132 Aira-shi(About 10)
190 Iga-shi(About 10)
190 Tsu-shi(About 10)
190 Kyouto-shi Fushimi-ku(About 10)
190 Kyouto-shi Sakyou-ku(About 10)
190 Kishima-gun Kouhoku-machi(About 10)
190 Miki-shi(About 10)
190 Ono-shi(About 10)
190 Akashi-shi(About 10)
190 Koube-shi Nagata-ku(About 10)
190 Tokachishi-chou Makubetsu-chou(About 10)
190 Kamikawashi-chou Bifuka-chou(About 10)
190 Chitose-shi(About 10)
190 Souyashi-chou Toyotomi-chou(About 10)
190 Sapporo-shi Chuuou-ku(About 10)
190 Sapporo-shi Shiroishi-ku(About 10)
190 Sorachishi-chou Shintotsukawa-chou(About 10)
190 Iburishi-chou Shiraoi-chou(About 10)
190 Tokachishi-chou Ashoro-chou(About 10)
190 Chiba-shi Chuuou-ku(About 10)
190 Chiba-shi Inage-ku(About 10)
190 Chiba-shi Hanamigawa-ku(About 10)
190 Inzai-shi(About 10)
190 Kamagaya-shi(About 10)
190 Hashimoto-shi(About 10)
190 Saitama-shi Sakura-ku(About 10)
190 Saitama-shi Urawa-ku(About 10)
190 Fujimino-shi(About 10)
190 Ageo-shi(About 10)
190 Kuki-shi(About 10)
190 Sakado-shi(About 10)
190 Fujimi-shi(About 10)
190 Satte-shi(About 10)
190 Niiza-shi(About 10)
190 Kumagaya-shi(About 10)
190 Souka-shi(About 10)
190 Hasuda-shi(About 10)
190 Han'nou-shi(About 10)
190 Beppu-shi(About 10)
190 Ooita-shi(About 10)
190 Taketa-shi(About 10)
190 Oosaka-shi Higashisumiyoshi-ku(About 10)
190 Tondabayashi-shi(About 10)
190 Hirakata-shi(About 10)
190 Kawachinagano-shi(About 10)
190 Kaidzuka-shi(About 10)
190 Kadoma-shi(About 10)
190 Kashiba-shi(About 10)
190 Sendai-shi Wakabayashi-ku(About 10)
190 Nobeoka-shi(About 10)
190 Uodzu-shi(About 10)
190 Higashine-shi(About 10)
190 Tsuruoka-shi(About 10)
190 Motosu-shi(About 10)
190 Kurashiki-shi(About 10)
190 Kure-shi(About 10)
190 Kariya-shi(About 10)
190 Nagoya-shi Nakamura-ku(About 10)
190 Nagoya-shi Midori-ku(About 10)
190 Oobu-shi(About 10)
190 Toukai-shi(About 10)
190 Kounan-shi(About 10)
190 Toyokawa-shi(About 10)
190 Toyoake-shi(About 10)
190 Mitaka-shi(About 10)
190 Taitou-ku(About 10)
190 Kokubunji-shi(About 10)
190 Sumida-ku(About 10)
190 Kodaira-shi(About 10)
190 Itabashi-ku(About 10)
190 Musashimurayama-shi(About 10)
190 Katsushika-ku(About 10)
190 Toshima-ku(About 10)
190 Oume-shi(About 10)
190 Kanazawa-shi(About 10)
190 Kawasaki-shi Saiwai-ku(About 10)
190 Zama-shi(About 10)
190 Yokohama-shi Asahi-ku(About 10)
190 Kamakura-shi(About 10)
190 Miyako-gun Kanda-machi(About 10)
190 Kitakyuushuu-shi Wakamatsu-ku(About 10)
190 Koga-shi(About 10)
190 Oomuta-shi(About 10)
190 Fukuoka-shi Chuuou-ku(About 10)
190 Chikushino-shi(About 10)
190 Itoshima-shi(About 10)
190 Fukushima-shi(About 10)
190 Kooriyama-shi(About 10)
190 Oodate-shi(About 10)
190 Katagami-shi(About 10)
190 Isesaki-shi(About 10)
190 Oota-shi(About 10)
190 Takasaki-shi(About 10)
190 Hitachinaka-shi(About 10)
190 Toride-shi(About 10)
190 Hitachi-shi(About 10)
190 Mito-shi(About 10)
190 Higashisonogi-gun Hasami-chou(About 10)
190 Nishisonogi-gun Togitsu-chou(About 10)
190 Isahaya-shi(About 10)
190 Shimada-shi(About 10)
190 Kakegawa-shi(About 10)
190 Fujieda-shi(About 10)
190 Susono-shi(About 10)
190 Shizuoka-shi(About 10)
190 Marugame-shi(About 10)
190 Takaoka-gun Nakatosa-chou(About 10)
190 Soo-gun Oosaki-chou(About 10)
190 Kimotsuki-gun Kinkou-chou(About 10)
298 Mie-gun Komono-chou(Very rare)
298 Kuwana-shi(Very rare)
298 Kameoka-shi(Very rare)
298 Kyouto-shi Kamigyou-ku(Very rare)
298 Kyouto-shi Shimogyou-ku(Very rare)
298 Yawata-shi(Very rare)
298 Uji-shi(Very rare)
298 Kidzugawa-shi(Very rare)
298 Miyaki-gun Miyaki-chou(Very rare)
298 Miyaki-gun Kiyama-chou(Very rare)
298 Tatsuno-shi(Very rare)
298 Itami-shi(Very rare)
298 Kako-gun Inami-chou(Very rare)
298 Himeji-shi(Very rare)
298 Koube-shi Hyougo-ku(Very rare)
298 Koube-shi Suma-ku(Very rare)
298 Mikasa-shi(Very rare)
298 Kamikawashi-chou Touma-chou(Very rare)
298 Tokachishi-chou Ikeda-chou(Very rare)
298 Oshimashi-chou Nanae-chou(Very rare)
298 Date-shi(Very rare)
298 Hokuto-shi(Very rare)
298 Yuubari-shi(Very rare)
298 Sorachishi-chou Kuriyama-chou(Very rare)
298 Abashirishi-chou Oketo-chou(Very rare)
298 Abashirishi-chou Kun'neppu-chou(Very rare)
298 Eniwa-shi(Very rare)
298 Sapporo-shi Minami-ku(Very rare)
298 Sapporo-shi Higashi-ku(Very rare)
298 Sapporo-shi Toyohira-ku(Very rare)
298 Nemuro-shi(Very rare)
298 Hiyamashi-chou Esashi-chou(Very rare)
298 Hidakashi-chou Hidaka-chou(Very rare)
298 Tokachishi-chou Kamishihoro-chou(Very rare)
298 Tokachishi-chou Otofuke-chou(Very rare)
298 Tokachishi-chou Memuro-chou(Very rare)
298 Wakkanai-shi(Very rare)
298 Kamikawashi-chou Kamifurano-chou(Very rare)
298 Ashibetsu-shi(Very rare)
298 Shiribeshishi-chou Kutchan-chou(Very rare)
298 Chiba-shi Midori-ku(Very rare)
298 Chiba-shi Wakaba-ku(Very rare)
298 Inba-gun Sakae-machi(Very rare)
298 Kimitsu-shi(Very rare)
298 Tomisato-shi(Very rare)
298 Abiko-shi(Very rare)
298 Nagareyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Urayasu-shi(Very rare)
298 Choushi-shi(Very rare)
298 Katori-shi(Very rare)
298 Kamogawa-shi(Very rare)
298 Saitama-shi(Very rare)
298 Saitama-shi Kita-ku(Very rare)
298 Saitama-shi Oomiya-ku(Very rare)
298 Iruma-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitamoto-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitakatsushika-gun Sugito-machi(Very rare)
298 Kitakatsushika-gun Matsubushi-machi(Very rare)
298 Wakou-shi(Very rare)
298 Shiki-shi(Very rare)
298 Toda-shi(Very rare)
298 Asaka-shi(Very rare)
298 Higashimatsuyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Hiki-gun Ogawa-machi(Very rare)
298 Hiki-gun Kawajima-machi(Very rare)
298 Warabi-shi(Very rare)
298 Tsurugashima-shi(Very rare)
298 Hita-shi(Very rare)
298 Bungooono-shi(Very rare)
298 Katano-shi(Very rare)
298 Yao-shi(Very rare)
298 Suita-shi(Very rare)
298 Oosaka-shi Higashinari-ku(Very rare)
298 Oosaka-shi Konohana-ku(Very rare)
298 Oosaka-shi Yodogawa-ku(Very rare)
298 Oosaka-shi Tsurumi-ku(Very rare)
298 Oosakasayama-shi(Very rare)
298 Neyagawa-shi(Very rare)
298 Matsubara-shi(Very rare)
298 Ikeda-shi(Very rare)
298 Sen'nan-shi(Very rare)
298 Habikino-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitakatsuragi-gun Ouji-chou(Very rare)
298 Gose-shi(Very rare)
298 Kashihara-shi(Very rare)
298 Ikoma-gun Ikaruga-chou(Very rare)
298 Shiogama-shi(Very rare)
298 Tomiya-shi(Very rare)
298 Ishinomaki-shi(Very rare)
298 Tooda-gun Misato-machi(Very rare)
298 Kurokawa-gun Taiwa-chou(Very rare)
298 Kushima-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitamorokata-gun Mimata-chou(Very rare)
298 Nichinan-shi(Very rare)
298 Toyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Tonami-shi(Very rare)
298 Shimonoseki-shi(Very rare)
298 Kuga-gun Waki-chou(Very rare)
298 Kaminoyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitamurayama-gun Ooishida-machi(Very rare)
298 Nan'you-shi(Very rare)
298 Mogami-gun Ookura-mura(Very rare)
298 Mogami-gun Mogami-machi(Very rare)
298 Higashitagawa-gun Mikawa-machi(Very rare)
298 Akumi-gun Yuza-machi(Very rare)
298 Chuuou-shi(Very rare)
298 Ootsuki-shi(Very rare)
298 Kani-shi(Very rare)
298 Gifu-shi(Very rare)
298 Akaiwa-shi(Very rare)
298 Takahashi-shi(Very rare)
298 Oushuu-shi(Very rare)
298 Morioka-shi(Very rare)
298 Hanamaki-shi(Very rare)
298 Aki-gun Fuchuu-chou(Very rare)
298 Hiroshima-shi Naka-ku(Very rare)
298 Hiroshima-shi Asaminami-ku(Very rare)
298 Hiroshima-shi Nishi-ku(Very rare)
298 Ama-shi(Very rare)
298 Miyoshi-shi(Very rare)
298 Niwa-gun Fusou-chou(Very rare)
298 Handa-shi(Very rare)
298 Nagoya-shi Naka-ku(Very rare)
298 Nagoya-shi Kita-ku(Very rare)
298 Nagoya-shi Minami-ku(Very rare)
298 Nagoya-shi Higashi-ku(Very rare)
298 Owariasahi-shi(Very rare)
298 Aichi-gun Tougou-chou(Very rare)
298 Kasugai-shi(Very rare)
298 Ama-gun Kanie-chou(Very rare)
298 Kiyosu-shi(Very rare)
298 Seto-shi(Very rare)
298 Tahara-shi(Very rare)
298 Murakami-shi(Very rare)
298 Tsubame-shi(Very rare)
298 Kunitachi-shi(Very rare)
298 Shinjuku-ku(Very rare)
298 Higashimurayama-shi(Very rare)
298 Kiyose-shi(Very rare)
298 Inagi-shi(Very rare)
298 Nishitama-gun Mizuho-machi(Very rare)
298 Choufu-shi(Very rare)
298 Shimotsuga-gun Mibu-machi(Very rare)
298 Shimotsuga-gun Nogi-machi(Very rare)
298 Sano-shi(Very rare)
298 Utsunomiya-shi(Very rare)
298 Oyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Tochigi-shi(Very rare)
298 Nasukarasuyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Nago-shi(Very rare)
298 Itoman-shi(Very rare)
298 Ootsu-shi(Very rare)
298 Moriyama-shi(Very rare)
298 Rittou-shi(Very rare)
298 Kouka-shi(Very rare)
298 Tamana-shi(Very rare)
298 Tamana-gun Nagasu-machi(Very rare)
298 Kikuchi-gun Oodzu-machi(Very rare)
298 Hakusan-shi(Very rare)
298 Isehara-shi(Very rare)
298 Atsugi-shi(Very rare)
298 Kawasaki-shi Miyamae-ku(Very rare)
298 Kawasaki-shi Asao-ku(Very rare)
298 Aikou-gun Aikawa-machi(Very rare)
298 Yokohama-shi Minami-ku(Very rare)
298 Yokohama-shi Izumi-ku(Very rare)
298 Yokohama-shi Isogo-ku(Very rare)
298 Yokohama-shi Kanazawa-ku(Very rare)
298 Ebina-shi(Very rare)
298 Ayase-shi(Very rare)
298 Ashigarakami-gun Yamakita-machi(Very rare)
298 Ashigarashimo-gun Yugawara-machi(Very rare)
298 Zushi-shi(Very rare)
298 Kouza-gun Samukawa-machi(Very rare)
298 Nakama-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitakyuushuu-shi Yahatahigashi-ku(Very rare)
298 Kitakyuushuu-shi Kokurakita-ku(Very rare)
298 Kitakyuushuu-shi Tobata-ku(Very rare)
298 Munakata-shi(Very rare)
298 Kasuya-gun Hisayama-machi(Very rare)
298 Kasuya-gun Umi-machi(Very rare)
298 Kasuya-gun Shime-machi(Very rare)
298 Kasuya-gun Sasaguri-machi(Very rare)
298 Yukuhashi-shi(Very rare)
298 Onga-gun Okagaki-machi(Very rare)
298 Onga-gun Mizumaki-machi(Very rare)
298 Onga-gun Ashiya-machi(Very rare)
298 Onga-gun Onga-chou(Very rare)
298 Futaba-gun Namie-machi(Very rare)
298 Kawanuma-gun Aidzubange-machi(Very rare)
298 Daisen-shi(Very rare)
298 Noshiro-shi(Very rare)
298 Ogachi-gun Ugo-machi(Very rare)
298 Oura-gun Oura-machi(Very rare)
298 Kasumigaura-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitasouma-gun Tone-machi(Very rare)
298 Koga-shi(Very rare)
298 Tsuchiura-shi(Very rare)
298 Omitama-shi(Very rare)
298 Sakuragawa-shi(Very rare)
298 Inashiki-gun Miho-mura(Very rare)
298 Inashiki-gun Ami-machi(Very rare)
298 Yuuki-shi(Very rare)
298 Kitamatsuura-gun Saza-chou(Very rare)
298 Shimabara-shi(Very rare)
298 Hirado-shi(Very rare)
298 Nishisonogi-gun Nagayo-chou(Very rare)
298 Mutsu-shi(Very rare)
298 Kamikita-gun Rokkasho-mura(Very rare)
298 Aomori-shi(Very rare)
298 Itou-shi(Very rare)
298 Izu-shi(Very rare)
298 Yaidzu-shi(Very rare)
298 Fukuroi-shi(Very rare)
298 Kamo-gun Kawadzu-chou(Very rare)
298 Suntou-gun Shimizu-chou(Very rare)
298 Nakatado-gun Man'nou-chou(Very rare)
298 Zentsuuji-shi(Very rare)
298 Kan'onji-shi(Very rare)
298 Takamatsu-shi(Very rare)
298 Shimanto-shi(Very rare)
298 Ooshima-gun Setouchi-chou(Very rare)
298 Amami-shi(Very rare)
298 Makurazaki-shi(Very rare)
298 Kimotsuki-gun Minamioosumi-chou(Very rare)